Application of Trichoderma-Enriched Compost on Shallot Productivity and Storability in East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (Pemanfaatan Kompos Diperkaya Trichoderma pada Produktivitas dan

Research on the benefits of Trichoderma-enriched compost (Tricho-compost) to improve soil fertility and yield of some vegetables has been widely reported. The objective was to study the effect of Tricho-compost application on productivity and storability of shallot. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design at Labuan Lombok Village, Pringgabaya, East Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara Province, during June to August 2017. There were five treatments with three replications, i.e., T1 = no fertilizer (control), T2 = 10 t/ha compost, T3 = NPK (250 kg/ha NPK, 150 kg/ha Urea, and 150 kg/ha SP-36), T4 = T3 + T2, and T5 =T3 + 10 t/ha Tricho-compost. The results showed that shallot with T5 treatment produced higher height at 20, 40 and 60 days after planting (DAP), fresh weight at 40 and 60 DAP, and dry yield. The plant height, fresh weight and dried yield were higher in T5 than those of plants in T4 for 3.7%, 8.7%, and 8.3%, respectively. Weight lost in T5 was 2.7% lower than T4 after storing for 90 days, indicating T5 shallot had better storability. These data indicated the potential of Tricho-compost to improve growth, yield, and storability of shallot.

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is one of the most important vegetable in Indonesia as it is the main ingredient in various culinary and preferred for its distinct flavour that persists after cooking when compare to onion (Allium cepa L.). Increasing demand showed at the yearly consumption growth lifted 7.33% from 2.570 kg/cap/year in 2017 to 2.758 kg/cap/year in 2018. On the other hand, growth of national shallot production was lower at 2.26% while the shallot harvested area reduced 0.88% from 158.171 ha to 156.799 ha in the same periode (Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian 2019). Low soil fertility and water availability is the major obstacle to grow shallot in dryland area (Suriadi et al. 2018). Moreover, farmers prefer to grow shallot during dry season to get optimum solar radiation, lower incidence of disease, and better yield. On the other hand, shallots require a constant supply of moisture throughout the growing season. Increasing soil organic matter by adding organic fertilizer is the key solution to improve soil fertility, water retention, favourable microclimate, and conserving soil biota (Allison 1973;Brady 1984). Shallot production in East Lombok District is very intensive because farmers irigate using deep well water. Annually, shallot is cultivated two to three times, excluding during the rainy season (November to February) to avoid excess of rainfall. First season usually start about March to April, next on June to July, and last on September to October Dryland shallot farming in NTB is a feasible business at B/C ratio about 0.66 for East Lombok District area (Adnyana & Rahayu 2016), whenever the productivity is above 5 tonnes/ha at minimum price IDR7.500/kg (Rahayu & Mardian 2016). In attempt to obtain high yield, shallot grower are strongly depending on chemical fertilizer and pesticide that closely related to some disease and pest resistant. Therefore, adding organic fertilizer that acts as biocontrol is necessary for sustainable shallot production on dryland are of NTB Province. Thicho-compost is one of promising organic fertilizer that acts both increasing soil fertility and biological agent. Tricho-compost is the material that results when spores of Trichoderma sp. used in the composting process (Rahman & Birkey 2005). Trichoderma sp. is antagonistic fungus that inhibits the growth of several pathogens (Wahyuno, Manohara & Mulyo 2009). These antagonistic activities include competition, parasitism, predation or formation of toxins such as antibiotics (Harman 2000

Times and Place
An on-farm experiment was carried out at June to August 2017 at Labuhan Lombok Village, Pringgabaya Subdistrict, East Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province (S 8 o 30'47.74 "x 116 o 39'17.56", 57 m above sea level) during dry season.

Research Methodology
The experimental area is characterized as tropical dryland with average annual rainfall of about 976 mm per year and in average 87 rainy days. Although there was no rainfall recorded during experiment, irrigation done using farrow irrigation system from deep water pumped. The soil was sandy loamy in texture with pH about neutral at 6.52 and mean annual temperature of about 35 o C with range of 33 o C maximum to 20 o C minimum (BPS 2018).
Tricho-compost was applied as base fertilizer with NPK and SP-36 at the time of plowing soil. While Urea was applied for second and third fertilizer at age 15 and 45 days after planting (DAP). The bulb tip was cut 2/3, then sprayed with fungicide, and dried for 3 days before planting. Shallot cultivation system referred to the technical guidence on shallot integrated plant management (Sumarni & Hidayat 2005)..
Although there was no significant difference between T5 and T4, Tricho-compost in T5 was likely beneficial to increase dry yield at average 0.90 t ha -1 . According to Shoresh, Harman & Mastouri (2010), Trichoderma sp. stimulates plants to absorb nutrients, improve fertilizer efficiency, and stimulate crops to be more resistant to biotic and abiotic damage. Parasitic character in the Trichoderma sp. could attack and absorb nutrient from other fungus, than slower their growth or caused dead (Purwantisari 2009 Yield potential of Trisula cultivar ranged between 6.50 to 23.21 tonnes per hectare (Hortikultura 2012). This study reached the similar yield at T4 and T5 where NPK was supplemented with 10 t h -1 compost and 10 t h -1 Tricho-compost applied, respectively. This data indicating the optimum environment for growth of shallot created when organic fertilizer added. Organic fertilizer largely attributes to improve soil organic matter, soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties, and nutrient availability and uptake as well (Allison 1973). Thus soil permeability and stable aggregates also improved (Satyanaraya & Prasar 2002), mainly in the top 40 cm of soil where 90% non-branching root of shallot concentrated (Brewster 1994). This better yield was contribution of better vegetative growth such as higher plant height, leaf number, and tiller number (Table 1). In line with this result, Rahayu & Berlian (2005) also concluded that higher carbohydrate reflected by bigger bulb when plant grow taller, higher leaf number, strong, and compact.

Plant Height, Leaf Number, and Tiller Number
Fertilizer treatment showed significant difference (p<0.05) of plant height at 40 and 60 DAP (Table 1). At 20 DAP, the plant height was ranged from 29.94 cm (T1) to 30.41 cm (T5). At 40 DAP, plant height increase between 31.57 cm (T1) to 47.63 cm (T5). During this growth period, plant height at T3 where only synthetic fertilizer applied was statistically similar to T4 and T5. At 60 DAP, the plant height was ranged between 30.73 cm (T1) to 47.50 cm (T5). Without organic fertilizer, plant height at T3 was significantly grow lower compare to T4 and T5. Although there was no significant difference between T4 (45.73 cm) and T5 (47.50 cm), Tricho-compost improve shallot height at about 3.7% taller compare to T4.
The number of leaves per plant showed no significant variation by application of treatment at 20 and 40 DAP, where the lowest number of leaves recorded in T2 and the highest at T3 for both growth stages. T3 was consistently obtained the highest number of leaves until 60 DAP at 32.40 which was similar to T5 (30.80) and followed by T4 (26.60). In contrast to number of leaf, number of tiller was significantly different only at 40 DAP. The highest number of tiller obtained at T3 which was similar to the rest of treatment except at T1. Trichoderma sp. plays an important role in the process of decomposition of organic compounds and it is capable of spreading by moving water flow brought nutient . Under favourable environment and optimal nutrient availability, leaf expand optimally which increase the amount of solar radiation intercepted, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and transpiration rates, in turn will produce more splits and bigger bulb (Begum et al. 1990).

Fresh Weight, Weight Lost, and Bulb Size
Analysis of variance showed that average fresh weight was affected by fertilizer treatment at 20 and 60 DAP (Table 3). At early vegetative stage, the highest fresh weight at 20 DAP was recorded T2 (9.17 g plant -1 ) with no significant difference to other treatments except T4 (6.37 g plant -1 ). Although similar to other treatment, T5 grow higher biomass at early generative stage (40 DAP), and when harvested at 60 DAP, the fresh weight was significantly the highest (67.44 g plant -1 ). Benefit of Trichoderma-fortified compost increased the fresh weight at about 8.70% higher than T4 (61.57 g plant -1 ), or 20.2% compare to T3 (53.81 g plant -1 ).

Similar result to Latifah, Kustantina & Soesanto
(2011) who reported the increase of shallot fresh bulb weight, root number and length at 13.13 g ,   Fig 3. Effect of biofertilizer on bulb size in T4 (a) and T5 (c) compared to control in T1 (b)  Therefore, plant is difficult to grow well, consequently the treatments for improving sandy coastal is required before planting to support their growth. Application of Trichoderma as a plant-growth promoting and controlling pathogens had been known. Shallot seed treatment by Trichoderma agents was intended to improve and support plant growth and yield in the sandy coastal land. The aim of experiment was to determine the most effective treatment to improve growth and yield of shallot on sandy coastal land. The experiment had been carried out in Yogyakarta during August -November 2015. The factorial treatments of cultivar and Trichoderma applications were arranged in Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The shallot cultivars consisted of Tiron, Crok, and Biru, while Trichoderma application consisted of control (no treatment).
Treatment on fertilizer was significantly affected average weight lost after stored for 90 days, diameter and length of the bulb ( Table 2). Most of weight was lost at T1 (8.13 g plant -1 ) and the least at T2 (2.31 g plant -1 ). Benefit of Tricho-compost also showed on the smaller weight lost on T5 (5.20 g plant -1 ) compare to T4 (5.96 g plant -1 ) at about 2.7%. Sing & Sing (2003) reported that large size bulbs exhibited the highest weight loss compare to smaller sized bulbs. Derajew, Fikreyohannes & Bereje (2017) who reported that highest weight lost and bulbs rotting were observed when the highest Significant difference in bulb size (diameter and length) was observed between treatments. Bulb size of shallot in T4 was significantly the biggest at average 2.01 cm in diameter and 2.55 cm in length, while the smallest size was in T5 with 1.59 cm in diameter and 2.28 cm length. Without Trichoderma, shallot produced a larger bulb in short term effect. According to Mukherjee, Horwitz, & Kenerley (2012), Trichoderma produced some metabolites (secondary metabolites) that could be toxic to plants, and further studies to characterize genetic and metabolit profiling of strain need to be done. However, based on variety description (Hortikultura 2012), Trisula bulb seizes 1.0-2.5 cm in diameter and 2-3 cm in length. Medium bulb size that ranged between 1.5 -1.8 cm is generally has better quality and more economic for vegetative propagation (Sumarni & Hidayat 2005). Moreover, the size of ideal marketable shallot is of about 3-4 cm in diameter (Krontal, Kamenetsky & Rabinowith 2000).

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study quantify increase of shallot fresh weight at 8.7% and dry yield at 8.3% with application of Trichoderma-enriched compost. Next, its weight lost after stored for 90 days was lower by 2.7% compared when using only the compost. In addition, uniform medium bulb size puts more value for shallot bulb seed. In general, additional organic fertilizer, with or without Trichoderma sp. increases shallot production compared to when only chemical fertilizer applied. However, without chemical fertilizer (treatment in control and compost only) caused growth (plant height, leaf number, and fresh weight) of shallot less optimal which then produce the lowest yield.