Bamboo Diversity in Indrokilo Botanical Garden, Central Java

The efforts of Bamboo conservation have been conducted by botanical gardens in Indonesia, including the Indrokilo Botanical Garden, Central Java. Scientific information regarding the bamboo collection of the Indrokilo Botanical Garden, however, is not yet available. This study aimed to determine the diversity of the species, as well as, to provide a synopsis and the similarity analysis of the bamboo species in the Indrokilo Botanical Garden. Exploration and collection of bamboo specimens have been carried out by the Indrokilo Botanical Garden. Processing and identification of the specimens were carried out at Herbarium Bogoriense. A total of 27 morphological characters were used for similarity analysis using the UPGMA method with Nei & Li similarity coefficients. The data were analyzed descriptively. There are seven species of bamboo in the Indrokilo Botanical Garden: Bambusa glaucophylla, B. lako, B. multiplex, B. vulgaris, Dendrocalamus sp., Guadua cf. angustifolia, and Schizostachyum sp. A synopsis of the bamboo species and their identification keys to the species were provided. Based on the similarity analysis, bamboo in the Indrokilo Botanical Garden consists of five groups at a similarity index of 70%. The diversity of bamboo species in the Indrokilo Botanical Garden is relatively low compared to some botanical gardens in Indonesia.


INTRODUCTION
Bamboos belong to the family Poaceae and generally can be recognized by culms cylindrical with the nodes and hollow lumen. Culm is covered by sheaths, branches appeared around the nodes and supporting several leaves, and inflorescences in spikelets. Bamboo has long been used as building materials, baskets, handicrafts, vegetables, paper, musical instruments, furniture, hedge, windbreak or ornamental plant, containers for collecting water or palm juice, for pipes and troughs, pots for cooking food, chopsticks, fish traps, fishing rods, rafts, food wrappers, various poles (carrying poles, vegetable and fruit props, boating poles, and fences) (Dransfield & Widjaja 1995a), and religious ceremony purposes .
There are more than 116 genera and approximately 1,439 recognized species of bamboo in the world (Widjaja et al. 2014). Indonesia has 26 genera with estimated 174 species of bamboo (Widjaja 2019) and recently added new species from Sulawesi and Lesser Sunda Islands (Ervianti et al. 2019a;Widjaja 2020). In Java alone, there are 60 species of bamboo found (Widjaja, 2001a) but unfortunately, some of these species of bamboo are rare due to exploitation, land conversion, and natural disasters (Zulkarnaen & Andila 2015). Thus, the efforts for bamboo conservation have been carried out by botanical gardens (BG) in Indonesia (KRIB 2019).
There are few BG in Indonesia, i.e. Bogor BG (Sari et al. 2010;Ariati et al. 2019), Cibodas BG Sujarwo et al. 2019), Eka Karya Bali BG (Arinasa et al. 2017;Sujarwo 2018Sujarwo ) 2018, and Ecology Park in Cibinong (Damayanto et al. 2019) with well-documented bamboo collections. Indrokilo BG, on the other hand, is a recent BG in Indonesia (master plan in 2015) (KRIB 2019). The Indrokilo BG is located in Kelurahan Kemiri, Mojosongo District, Boyolali Regency, Central Java (7°33'34.81" S, 110°37'41.61" E) with an area of 8.9 ha (KRIB 2019). It served as an educational and recreational venue for the general public and a plant conservation facilities as well. It is composed mainly of lowland rainforest plants of East Java (KRIB 2019) and hosts some bamboo collections from Central Java (Alfian 2019, personal communication). However, the bamboo collection in Indrokilo BG is not yet inventoried and still lacking in identification. The inventory and identification activity will inform the bamboo diversity in Indrokilo BG. Moreover, the additional information such as morphological descriptions and an identification key are essential for proper management and to improve the scientific value of the Indrokilo BG as an ex situ conservation facilities and ecotourism site.
A study on the diversity of bamboo species in the Indrokilo BG is needed to obtain a synopsis of the bamboo species and provide an identification key to the species. Analysis of the relationship among the bamboo species in Indrokilo BG also needed to know the diversity of bamboo which is conserved in the area. Thus, this study aimed to inventory, characterize, and assess the diversity information of bamboo species in the Indrokilo BG. Furthermore, this study also provided a synopsis and the similarity analysis of the bamboo species in the Indrokilo BG. This study, overall, can be used as a reference to enhance the number of bamboo collections and to compile a list of plant species in Indrokilo BG.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
The study was conducted at the Indrokilo BG, Central Java from December 2019 to March 2020. The processing and identification of bamboo were conducted at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). Bamboo exploration was conducted following the taxonomic data collection method by Rugayah et al. (2004). Bamboo materials, such as young shoots, culm-sheaths, leaves, and flowers (if available), were collected and information on location, coordinates, uses, and local name were recorded. The photograph of the fresh bamboo was taken.
The bamboo material was processed into herbarium specimens following the Djarwaningsih et al. (2002) guidelines. The bamboos were identified based on the reference specimen in the BO and based on the previous studies (Widjaja 1987;Dransfield and Widjaja 1995a;Widjaja 2001aWidjaja , 2001bWidjaja et al. 2004Widjaja 2009;Dransfield and Widjaja 2000;Widjaja 2016, 2017;Ervianti et al. 2019a;Widjaja 2020). The names of bamboo species were validated using Vorontsova et al. (2016) and based on online database portal (Damayanto et al. 2020a). Data were analyzed descriptively and an identification key to the species was provided.
A total of 27 morphological characters were used to characterized the bamboo conserved at Indrokilo BG. Some of the data gathered are young shoot (color and hairs color), culm (color, straightness, and existence of the white ring on the nodes), branching (type and existence of the spine), culm-sheath (attachment and hairs color), culmsheath auricles (existence of the auricles, shapes arch, and existence of the bristles), culm-sheath ligule (shapes and existence of the bristles), culmsheath blade (position and shapes), leaves (color, length, wide, and adaxial-abaxial surface), leafsheath auricles (high, the existence of the bristles, and bristles length), and leaf-sheath ligule (shapes and existence of the bristles). Morphological characters were then scored and arranged in a matrix following the analyses using the multivariate statistical package (MVSP) software (Kovach 2007) with the unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) grouping method and Nei & Li similarity coefficient (Nei and Li 1979).

Bamboo Diversity of Indrokilo Botanical Garden
There were 47 bamboo plant found in Indrokilo BG that belong to four genera and 7 species of bamboo ( Table 1). The Bambusa vulgaris were the most abundant species among the bamboos grown in Indrokilo BG. The same with Ecology Park, Cibinong, this species also dominant in the garden (Damayanto et al. 2019 (Widjaja 1997) and recently become an ornamental plant in the cities of Indonesia (Widjaja 2001a). While B. lako was known originated from Timor Leste (Widjaja 1997) and was reported to be spread to Java (Widjaja 2001a) and Australia (Widjaja 1997). Bamboo B. multiplex, on the other hand, originated from Indo-China and southern China and is widely grown as an ornamental plant in Southeast Asia (Dransfield and Widjaja 1995b).
Guadua cf. angustifolia in this study was still in cf. (confer) which means very similar to the species of G. angustifolia. This species, unfortunately, does not have culm-sheath, which is essential in distinguishing the species level (Widjaja 2001a). The flower of G. cf. angustifolia were deciduous and limited characters were observed. G. angustifolia was originated from South America (Judziewicz et al. 1999) and it was introduced to Indonesia (Londono 2001), especially to Java, Bali (Widjaja 2019) and probably Lombok (Putri et al. 2016). However, G. The diversity of bamboo species in the Indrokilo BG is quite low compared to other BGs in Indonesia ( Figure 1). There were 36 and 52 species of bamboo found in the Kuningan BG (with an area of 172 ha) and Eka Karya Bali BG (with an area of 157.5 ha), respectively (Cahyanto et al. 2016;Sujarwo 2018). Meanwhile, only seven species of bamboo were found in the Indrokilo BG. However, this is understandable if we look at the area of the Indrokilo BG that only 8.9 ha (KRIB 2019) or about 5% of the Kuningan BG and Eka Karya Bali BG areas. In addition, the Indrokilo BG is relatively new, only a few species of bamboo have been currently cultivated. The diversity of bamboo species in the Indrokilo BG was still quite low even compared to other Indonesian BGs which had smaller areas, such as the Bogor BG (87 ha), Purwodadi BG (85 ha), and Cibodas BG (85 ha) (Astuti et al. 2001;Roemantyo et al. 2010;Widyatmoko et al. 2010)  The diversity of bamboo species in the Indrokilo BG was higher compared to the Ecology Park in Cibinong (34 ha area with 3 species of bamboo only) (Damayanto et al. 2019). The low diversity of bamboo species in the Indrokilo BG and Ecology Park, compared with other Indonesian BGs, may relate to the lack of addition of the bamboo collection. There are still many potentially bamboo species (Astuti et al. 2001) from Java that can be conserved at the Indrokilo BG due to abundant bamboo species (60 species) that was reported to be grown in Java (Widjaja 2001a). Most of those species are Indonesian native bamboo.
Distribution: Cultivated at the cities in Java
Distribution: This species was originally found in Timor Leste (Widjaja 1997) then introduced to Bogor BG, Java (Widjaja 2001a) and also to Australia (Widjaja 1997).
Distribution: This bamboo is only found in Indrokilo BG.
Notes: This bamboo is placed as Dendrocalamus sp. due to incomplete material.
Distribution: G. angustifolia originated from South America (Judziewicz et al. 1999) and it was introduced to Indonesia (Londono 2001), especially to Java and Bali (Widjaja 2019).
Notes: Bamboo G. angustifolia in their origin areas found at an altitude of 1,500 m with high rain density. This bamboo is used as building materials, furniture, paper industries, and the young shoot can be eaten (Viswanath et al. 2012).

Similarity Analysis of Bamboo in Indrokilo Botanical Garden
The bamboos in Indrokilo BG were distinct species, there were five clusters (A, B, C, D, and E) formed with a similarity index of 70% ( Figure 10 Clusters A and B belong to the same genus: Bambusa, however, those species were separated into two different clusters with a similarity index of 51%. It is similar to a study by Fitriana et al. (2017) that reported B. multiplex and B. vulgaris were separated to be two clusters with a similarity index of 65%. There were only one species (Dendrocalamus sp.) that belongs to cluster C and was closely related to cluster B (Bambusa) with a similarity index of about 60%. In the phylogeny analysis, Dendrocalamus spp. was reported very closely related to Bambusa spp. (Zhou et al. 2017), therefore, it allegedly had several similar characters. Cluster E also consisted of one species (G. cf. angustifolia) that was separated farthest apart from other clusters based on a similarity index of about 40%. Several characters, such as branches bearing spines and branch complements with one dominant primary branch and few or no smaller branches, were distinctive characters that separate G. cf. angsutifolia from other species.

CONCLUSION
There were seven species and four genera of bamboo found in the Indrokilo BG, namely Bambusa glaucophylla, B. lako, B. multiplex, B. vulgaris, Dendrocalamus sp., Guadua cf. angustifolia, and Schizostachyum sp. The diversity of bamboo species in the Indrokilo BG was relatively low compared to other BGs in Indonesia. Based on the similarity analysis, bamboo in the Indrokilo BG consisted of five groups at a similarity index of 70%. Since the diversity of bamboo species in the Indrokilo BG was relatively low and still many potential bamboo species which are native in Indonesia, we suggested that Indrokilo BG should conserve Indonesian native bamboo for the new collection within the botanical garden.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Author thank the Head of Indrokilo BG and the Head of Herbarium Bogoriense for permission to conduct this research. We thank the staff of Indrokilo BG for their help during fieldwork. Alfian (Staff of Indrokilo BG) was acknowledged for his valuable information.